| Education | [8, 13–16] | Provides structured knowledge on disease mechanisms, medication and inhaler use, triggers, and vaccinations to improve treatment adherence and self-efficacy. |
| Early recognition & monitoring | [13, 14, 16] | Encourages daily observation and recording of symptoms/sputum changes, early identification of exacerbation signs, and timely execution of the individualized action plan. |
| Skills training | [8, 15, 17] | Teaches practical techniques including breathing, coughing/sputum management, energy conservation, and problem-solving/decision-making to strengthen daily self-management capabilities. |
| Ongoing support | [13, 14, 16] | Utilizes scheduled follow-up (telephone, outpatient, or digital platforms) to maintain behavior change, provide reinforcement, and support long-term continuity. |